PD is a dilemma for the researcher

Several people in person, and Chauncey as a comment (way to fight the terrorists, Chauncey!), have asked about the Prisoner's Dilemma. Every time I teach this, and I have taught it now for nearly 25 years, I get exactly the same responses. And, to your credit, you do all seem to believe that you are the first to think of this objection. It's charming.

Let's try again.

*IF* we have this problem:












Then what will the person do? He will confess/defect. There is no dilemma.

What you people (and thousands before you) want to do is something like this, where an outside authority (Sicilian "omerta") or feelings ("filial bonds") change the payoffs:











Now, in this SECOND game, it's true, the prisoners will cooperate. But that is a different game.

In other words, you are changing the example, and saying that "solves" the prisoner's dilemma. Well...no. The fact is that there are many forms of strategic cooperation games, and most of them are not prisoner's dilemmas. It is certainly true that other games, ones that are not Prisoner's Dilemmas, have different results. But you can't take a Prisoner's Dilemma, change it to another game, and then say you have "solved" it.

Hobbes was arguing that the war of all against each would not SOLVE ITSELF, on a large scale. We can't all be brothers, or so Hobbes apparently thought.

(Major props to Robert Schenk for his cool web site, from which the graphics above are linked)

Rosenberg article, and Monday readings

The Rosenberg article many of you have been interested in can FINALLY be found on e-reserves here

And, for Monday, please read Chapters 1 and 2 in the Dixit and Nalebuff book.

See you Monday, and have a good weekend!

An Extra Reading, For Your Amusement

Dear all:

If you don't comment, the terrorists win!

You may find this amusing. It relates to some of our discussions yesterday.

Let me emphasize that the point that Dr. Rosenberg made at the end of class was PRECISELY what I wanted you to understand:

The fact that people do not formally recognize the organizing function of prices, and yet respond to prices in a thousand ways every day, is striking evidence of the power of this kind of spontaneous order.

Whether this is a good thing, or a bad thing, is another question entirely. As Hayek put it, in the article we read for yesterday:

The marvel is that in a case like that of a scarcity of one raw material, without an order being issued, without more than perhaps a handful of people knowing the cause, tens of thousands of people whose identity could not be ascertained by months of investigation, are made to use the material or its products more sparingly; i.e., they move in the right direction. This is enough of a marvel even if, in a constantly changing world, not all will hit it off so perfectly that their profit rates will always be maintained at the same constant or "normal" level.

I have deliberately used the word "marvel" to shock the reader out of the complacency with which we often take the working of this mechanism for granted. I am convinced that if it were the result of deliberate human design, and if the people guided by the price changes understood that their decisions have significance far beyond their immediate aim, this mechanism would have been acclaimed as one of the greatest triumphs of the human mind. Its misfortune is the double one that it is not the product of human design and that the people guided by it usually do not know why they are made to do what they do. But those who clamor for "conscious direction"—and who cannot believe that anything which has evolved without design (and even without our understanding it) should solve problems which we should not be able to solve consciously—should remember this: The problem is precisely how to extend the span of out utilization of resources beyond the span of the control of any one mind; and therefore, how to dispense with the need of conscious control, and how to provide inducements which will make the individuals do the desirable things without anyone having to tell them what to do.

And, of course, one should consider this passage from Adam Smith:

All the improvements in machinery, however, have by no means been the inventions of those who had occasion to use the machines. Many improvements have been made by the ingenuity of the makers of the machines, when to make them became the business of a peculiar trade; and some by that of those who are called philosophers or men of speculation, whose trade it is not to do any thing, but to observe every thing; and who, upon that account, are often capable of combining together the powers of the most distant and dissimilar objects.*38 In the progress of society, philosophy or speculation becomes, like every other employment, the principal or sole trade and occupation of a particular class of citizens. Like every other employment too, it is subdivided into a great number of different branches, each of which affords occupation to a peculiar tribe or class of philosophers; and this subdivision of employment in philosophy, as well as in every other business, improves dexterity, and saves time. Each individual becomes more expert in his own peculiar branch, more work is done upon the whole, and the quantity of science is considerably increased by it.*39

I.1.9
It is the great multiplication of the productions of all the different arts, in consequence of the division of labour, which occasions, in a well-governed society, that universal opulence which extends itself to the lowest ranks of the people. Every workman has a great quantity of his own work to dispose of beyond what he himself has occasion for; and every other workman being exactly in the same situation, he is enabled to exchange a great quantity of his own goods for a great quantity, or, what comes to the same thing, for the price of a great quantity of theirs. He supplies them abundantly with what they have occasion for, and they accommodate him as amply with what he has occasion for, and a general plenty diffuses itself through all the different ranks of the society.

I.1.10
Observe the accommodation of the most common artificer or day-labourer in a civilized and thriving country, and you will perceive that the number of people of whose industry a part, though but a small part, has been employed in procuring him this accommodation, exceeds all computation. The woollen coat, for example, which covers the day-labourer, as coarse and rough as it may appear, is the produce of the joint labour of a great multitude of workmen. The shepherd, the sorter of the wool, the wool-comber or carder, the dyer, the scribbler, the spinner, the weaver, the fuller, the dresser, with many others, must all join their different arts in order to complete even this homely production. How many merchants and carriers, besides, must have been employed in transporting the materials from some of those workmen to others who often live in a very distant part of the country! how much commerce and navigation in particular, how many ship-builders, sailors, sail-makers, rope-makers, must have been employed in order to bring together the different drugs made use of by the dyer, which often come from the remotest corners of the world! What a variety of labour too is necessary in order to produce the tools of the meanest of those workmen! To say nothing of such complicated machines as the ship of the sailor, the mill of the fuller, or even the loom of the weaver, let us consider only what a variety of labour is requisite in order to form that very simple machine, the shears with which the shepherd clips the wool. The miner, the builder of the furnace for smelting the ore, the feller of the timber, the burner of the charcoal to be made use of in the smelting-house, the brick-maker, the brick-layer, the workmen who attend the furnace, the mill-wright, the forger, the smith, must all of them join their different arts in order to produce them. Were we to examine, in the same manner, all the different parts of his dress and household furniture, the coarse linen shirt which he wears next his skin, the shoes which cover his feet, the bed which he lies on, and all the different parts which compose it, the kitchen-grate at which he prepares his victuals, the coals which he makes use of for that purpose, dug from the bowels of the earth, and brought to him perhaps by a long sea and a long land carriage, all the other utensils of his kitchen, all the furniture of his table, the knives and forks, the earthen or pewter plates upon which he serves up and divides his victuals, the different hands employed in preparing his bread and his beer, the glass window which lets in the heat and the light, and keeps out the wind and the rain, with all the knowledge and art requisite for preparing that beautiful and happy invention, without which these northern parts of the world could scarce have afforded a very comfortable habitation, together with the tools of all the different workmen employed in producing those different conveniencies; if we examine, I say, all these things, and consider what a variety of labour is employed about each of them, we shall be sensible that without the assistance and co-operation of many thousands, the very meanest person in a civilized country could not be provided, even according to what we very falsely imagine, the easy and simple manner in which he is commonly accommodated. Compared, indeed, with the more extravagant luxury of the great, his accommodation must no doubt appear extremely simple and easy; and yet it may be true, perhaps, that the accommodation of an European prince does not always so much exceed that of an industrious and frugal peasant, as the accommodation of the latter exceeds that of many [a king, in nations without markets]

Open Thread: Class of 1-18-06

If you felt your comments didn't get a chance, or you have thought of something new...have at it! Leave your comments on this thread.

Welcome!

This is the blog for the PPE Introductory Class, taught by Professors Rosenberg and Munger, in Spring 2006.

You will find a variety of resources here over the course of the semester. Please bookmark the site...and check back often!

One of the key features of the site will be the ability to post comments after class. We will create open threads, so you can participate in this virtual community.

WARNING: insulting or scatalogical comments will be deleted immediately. Our judgement on this is final, and there is no appeal. We are Leviathan.